Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development: Notes (PDF Notes and Handwritten Notes Included)

Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development: Notes (PDF Notes and Handwritten Notes Included)

Click Here to Download Class 10 Economics Chapter 1 Development: PDF Notes 

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Chapter 1: Development: Notes

Overview:

       1)   Characteristics of Development:

a)Different People Different Goals:

Different People can have Different goals

For Example: 

Development Goal for Landless Rural labourer would be better wages, more days of work, better education for their children, and no social Discrimination

Whereas

Development goal for a girl from a rich Family would be more freedom or as much freedom as her brother, and to pursue her education abroad.

b) What may be development for one may not be Development for the other , it can even be destructive.

For Example

To get more electricity Industrialists may want to build more dams,

But this may submerge the land under water and people living there have to be displaced (such as Tribal People)

Therefore building dams may be development for the industrialists but it is not development for the people living there, rather it is destructive for them

 c) Income and other Goals:

For development, people look at a mix of goals

For Example

Beside more income, people also seek things like equal treatment, freedom, security, no discrimination and respect of others. 

      2)   National Development:

We know that what may be development for one may not be development for other We know that what may be development for one may not be development for other

It is very important that to keep in mind that different people could have different as well as conflicting notions of a country’s development.

     

     3)   Comparisons:

a)Countries:

For comparing countries, their income is considered to be one of the most important attributes.

This is based on the understanding that more income means more of all things that human beings need

Income of the Country:  is the income of all residents of the country

But

For comparison, total income is not a useful measure, because, different countries have different population, therefor e the total income of the country would not tell us what an average person is likely to earn.

Hence, we compare countries with the average income

Average income: is the total income of the country divided by its population

It is also known as the per capita income

Reports:

     World Development Repot – World Bank

·         

•    Countries with per capita income of US$ 12,056 per annum and above are called rich countries.
• ·   Countries with per capita income of US$955 or less are called low-income/poor countries.
• ·  India comes in low-middle Income Countries with per capita income of US$1820 per annum.
• ·  The rich countries, excluding countries of middle-east and certain other small countries are generally called Developed Countries.

·         Problem with comparing countries using Average Income:

       

They hide disparities

  

  While average income is a useful for comparison, it does not tell us how the income is distributed among the people of the country.

Human Development Report – UNDP(United Nations Development Program)

Compares countries on the basis on education levels of the people, their health status and per capita income

• The Human Development Index (HDI) Rank of India in the world (2018) was 130 out of 189 countries.
• India’s Gross National Income was US$6353 and life expectancy was 68.8 years.

2) States:

Data Analysis:

IMR: Infant Mortality Rate: indicates the number of children that die before the age of one year as a proportion of 1000 live births in that particular year.

Net attendance Ratio:  total number of children of age group 14 and 15 years attending school as a percentage of total number of children in the same age group.

Conclusion:

(1)   Table’s first column shows that the per capita income of Haryana is greater than that of Kerala but the Infant Mortality rate in Haryana is more than three times than that of Kerala.

(2)   The last column shows the net-attendance ratio. Around half of the children aged 14 – 15 in Bihar are not attending the school beyond 8.

Public Facilities:

Money in your pocket cannot buy all the good and services that you may need to live well.

For Example: Money cannot buy pollution-free environment or it cannot protect you from infectious diseases.

The best and the cheapest way to provide the good and services, is to provide them collectively

For Example: Instead of having a security guard for each house, the community can have 1 – 3 Security guards for the whole community. That would be best and the cheapest way to provide security

• ·         In many areas, children, particularly girls, are not able to go to high school because the government/ community have not provided adequate facilities.
• ·         Kerala does not have a lot of Infant Mortality Rate because it has adequate provision of basic health and education facilities.
• ·         Some state also have well-functioned PDS (Public Distribution System). Health and Nutrition status of the people of these states is certainly likely to be better.

BMI: Body Mass Index: is an index by which we can find out if the body is nourished or not.

Formula = Weight (kg)/height (m)²

Normal range of age 14 Boys BMI is 15.5 – 25.9

Normal range of Age 14 Girls BMI is 15.4 – 27.3 

4)   Sustainable Development:

    1)      Groundwater in India:

• ·         Overused in many parts of the country
• ·         Groundwater had declined about 4 meters in 300 districts in past 20 years
• ·         One- third of the country is overusing their Groundwater
• ·         It is overused particularly in the agriculturally prosperous areas of Punjab and Western UP, Central and some parts of South India, and rapidly growing Urban areas 

2) Exhaustion of Natural Resources:

·         Research says that the crude oil reserve would last only next 50 years.

·         India depends on importing oil from abroad because they do not have enough stocks.

Renewable Resources:

Resources that can be replenished by the nature. For Example: Groundwater, Sunlight, etc.

Non-Renewable Resources:

Resources which will get exhausted after years of use, For Example – Crude Oil, Petroleum, etc.